International Transactions: Venomous snakes and snakebite treatment in Asia

Sunday, April 22, 2007

Venomous snakes and snakebite treatment in Asia

by Y. Sawai

Snakebite is a hazard in Asian areas. The mortality rate and morbidity rate by snakebites in these areas depend on the species and the density of venomous snakes in each area. Thus the mortality rate is higher in the Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and India, where the bites by cobras, kraits and Russell's viper are frequent. On the other hand, lower rates of bite are recorded in Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia, where the bites by pit viper of Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus species are predominant. The bite by the seasnakes of Hydrophiidae is also a problem among fishermen in Malaysia and Indonesia, Environment of human life, where the snakebites occur, is also another important factor. In most of the areas, modernization of the medical treatment is delayed because of shortage of specific antivenom, lack of the experts who are able to inject antivenom intravenously soon after the bite, popularization of herbal remedies, and poor mode of transportation of patients to hospital.

Source: http://rjh.folium.ru/contents/1998/1998-02.htm. Abstract of article in Russian Journal of Herpetology 1988, Vol. 5 No. 2.

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Principal Actors

Aileen: wife of sickly Roque (sometimes bed-ridden) and a mother of three sons, one deceased in infancy. Because of medical expenses the family is hopelessly indebted to a bank. Aileen sometimes gave meals to Mel when he had no food.
Gilbert: son of Roberto and Anagel, aged 8 in May 2008, an outstanding pupil; in mid-2007 he underwent 6 months of treatment for pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Janice: wife of Jason and mother of Mae-Mae and Lin-Lin, aged about 6 years and 2 years respectively. Janice and Jason share rented bed-space in Manila and care for Lin-Lin. Mae-Mae lives with grand-parents in Pagsanjan.
Jayson, aka Jason: younger brother of Jovs, older brother of Mel, husband of Janice, with daughters Mae-Mae and Lin-Lin, formerly working over 75 hours per week in a Manila Internet cafe but being paid only a pittance.
Jester: an age-mate and friend of Mel "since they were babies" who often helped him, especially by making text messages possible when Mel was desperate.
Josie: wife of Melchor but living apart from him for years; formerly a close friend of Ramon; mother of Jovs, Jason, Mel and Anagel, chronically short of food. Tina sometimes gives her groceries.
Jovs: a security guard and former tricycle taxi operator, wayward husband of Tina and father of two-year-old Bernadeth-Joe; in early 2009 he finally abandoned his wife and child in favour of his mistress "Tintin."
Ken-Ken: eldest son of Roderic and Liza, who was at 6 years of age, in 2008, the youngest in his school class of 60 and at the top of the class academically.
Laurice: Tina's sister, wife of Lito and mother of Reo.
Lito: a security guard (despite having a serious hand injury), husband of Laurice, father of Reo.
Liza: sister of Tina and wife of Roderic, mother of Ken, Kert, and Kian. Liza gave birth to the third son after undergoing a difficult pregnancy in May 2007.
Mel: 23-year-old single man, younger brother of Jovs and Jayson, barely surviving in Manila on one meal per day. In early 2009, however, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines certified that he had successfully completed the first year of a computer technology course.
Melchor: separated husband of Josie, father of Jovs, Jason, Mel and Anagel, living in the hill-top village of San Antonio with a woman friend named Susan.
Ramon: a married man with children who formerly spent much time with Josie, impoverished mother of adult offspring Jovs, Jason, Mel and Anagel.
Reo: three-year-old son of Lito and Tina's sister Laurice.
Roderic: husband of Liza, father of Ken, Kert and Kian. For a long period Roderic lived and worked in Alabang city, apart from his wife and children. He had previously been ill with tuberculosis. In the early hours of January 1, 2010, Roderic was brutally murdered by two men who have become fugitives from justice.
Ross: a printer by trade, husband of Charito and father of four, living in a Metro Manila settlement comprised mainly of shanties.
Tina: a business-woman and college graduate, deserted wife of Jovs, chronically ill with a serious blood disease (ITP) since July 2006, but nonetheless working long and hard for the survival of several adults and 7 to 15 children in her household.
Tintin: aka Kristine, a woman living in San Isidro, mother of an infant daughter, mistress of married man Jovs, husband of Tina.

Glossary

ASAP: as soon as possible.
CBC: Complete Blood Count: a pathology test.
Dra: Doktora, i.e. female doctor.
ER: Emergency Room in a hospital.
GMT+08: Greenwich Mean Time + 8 hours; i.e. the time in the Philippines.
GMT+10: Greenwich Mean Time + 10 hours; i.e. the time in Brisbane, Australia.
ITP: Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, a bleeding disease.
Jollibee: the name of a chain of fast-food cafes: a Filipino equivalent of McDonalds.
LPH: Laguna Provincial Hospital in the town of Santa Cruz, Laguna.
NBI: National Bureau of Investigation.
OR: Operating Room in a hospital.
PGH: Philippine General Hospital, located in Ermita, Manila.
PHP: Philippine pesos.
platelets: blood cells that prevent bleeding; ITP patients have reduced numbers of them.
TB: tuberculosis.
Tuli: dorsal slitting of the foreskin, customarily performed on Filipino boys, mostly around the age of adolescence, supposedly as a sign of transition to manoood.